should i take glutathione at night Best Time to Tablets: Morning or Best Time to Take Glutathione

Given its significance, ensuring the stability and efficacy of glutathione supplements is paramount

Abbreviations 4-HNE : 4-Hydroxynonenal 8-isoPGF2 : 8-Iso-prostaglandin F2 8-OHdG : 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine AA : Arachidonic acid AdA : Adrenic acid AGEs : Advanced glycation end-products ALA : -Linolenic acid AMPK : AMP-activated protein kinase ATP : Adenosine triphosphate BMI : Body mass index CAT : Catalase cGAS : Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase CTBs : Cytotrophoblasts DRP1 : Dynamin-related protein 1 DsbA-L : Disulfide-bond A oxidoreductase-like protein EVTs : Extravillous trophoblasts FFA : Free fatty acids GDM : Gestational diabetes mellitus GLUTs : Glucose transporters GPx : Glutathione peroxidase GSH : Glutathione GST : Glutathione-S-transferase HFD : High-fat diet HO-1 : Heme oxygenase-1 JAK : Janus kinase LA : Linoleic acid LPO : Lipid peroxidation MAPK : Mitogen-activated protein kinase MDA : Malondialdehyde MFN1/2 : Mitofusin 1/2 mtDNA : Mitochondrial DNA mTOR : Mammalian target of rapamycin NADPH : Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NF-B : Nuclear factor-kappa B NRF2 : Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 OPA1 : Optic atrophy 1 PGC-1 : Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1 PUFAs : Polyunsaturated fatty acids P450scc : Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme ROS : Reactive oxygen species SELENOP : Selenoprotein P SF : Serum ferritin SFN : Sulforaphane SIRT3 : Sirtuin 3 SLC7A11 : Solute carrier family 7 member 11 SOD : Superoxide dismutase STAT3 : Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 STBs : Syncytiotrophoblasts STING : Stimulator of interferon genes T-AOC : Total antioxidant capacity TBARS : Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances TFAM : Mitochondrial transcription factor A TXNIP : Thioredoxin-interacting protein XO : Xanthine oxidase References Hivert MF, Backman H, Benhalima K, Catalano P, Desoye G, Immanuel J et al (2024) Pathophysiology from preconception, during pregnancy, and beyond

doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-05451-7 98 FranznAHeldinNE

As IC/BPS might be multifactorial, future research should target different implicated pathways simultaneously and study the role of reactive oxygen species as a root cause in IC/BPS