The association of ROS with neuronal degeneration in PD is further substantiated by modeling the Parkinsonian phenotypes in animals through 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), rotenone, 1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride (paraquat), or 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), those are known of elevate the oxygen free-radicals in the cell 18
The small intestinal epithelium is composed of villi that extend into the lumen and are lined by differentiated, post-mitotic cell types, and the crypts of Lieberkhn that contain Paneth cells and undifferentiated stem cells [16]
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