Vascular Dark Circles: These appear blue or purple and are caused by visible blood vessels
Following the injection, imaging was performed using an IVIS Spectrum system (PerkinElmer) at various time points: 1 h, 4 h, 7 h, 12 h, 24 h, 36 h, 48 h, and 60 h post-injection, with an excitation wavelength of 780 nm and a fluorescence emission wavelength of 840 nm
3.2 The effect of oxidative stress As the key transporters of oxygen in the body RBCs are continually exposed to reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Similarly, interventions such as fluoxetine or metformin restore gut microbial diversity, increase beneficial bacteria (e.g., Akkermansia muciniphila ), and raise 5-HT levels (Xie et al., 2025