Lately, as also noted by the American Heart Association statement [211], hookah has been considered a global threatin partdue to the high increase of its use, in addition to the deleterious effects it has on human body such as frequent respiratory infections, persistent cough, oral and esophageal cancer, and induction of a pro-inflammatory state
EAPC was calculated by fitting a linear regression model to the natural logarithm of the age-standardized rates against the calendar year, following the formula y = a + bx + E, where y represents the natural logarithm of the age-standardized rate, x represents the calendar year, E is the standard error, and b is the calculated EAPC
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Metastatic cancer Cancer from another area may spread to the salivary glands